|
Command
|
Description
|
|
|
•
|
apropos
word
|
Show
commands pertinent to word. See also threadsafe
|
|
|
which
command
|
Show
full path name of command
|
|
|
time
command
|
See
how long a command takes
|
|
•
|
time
cat
|
Start
stopwatch. Ctrl-d to stop. See also sw
|
|
•
|
nice
info
|
Run
a low priority command (info in this case)
|
|
•
|
renice
19 -p $$
|
Make
shell (script) low priority. Use for non interactive tasks
|
|
•
|
look
prefix
|
Quickly
search (sorted) dictionary
|
|
•
|
grep
--color expr...ion
/usr/share/dict/words
|
Highlight
occurrences of regular expression in dictionary
|
|
|
gpg
-c file
|
Encrypt
file
|
|
|
gpg
file.gpg
|
Decrypt
file
|
|
•
|
alias
hd='od -Ax -tx1z -v'
|
Handy
hexdump. (usage e.g.: • hd /proc/self/cmdline | less)
|
|
•
|
alias
realpath='readlink -f'
|
Canonicalize
path. (usage e.g.: • realpath ~/../$USER)
|
|
•
|
set
| grep $USER
|
Search
current environment
|
|
•
|
ls
/usr/bin | pr -T9 -W$COLUMNS
|
Print
in 9 columns to width of terminal
|
|
|
touch
-c -t 0304050607 file
|
Set
file timestamp (YYMMDDhhmm)
|
|
dir
navigation
|
||
|
•
|
cd
-
|
Go
to previous directory
|
|
•
|
cd
|
Go
to home directory
|
|
|
(cd
dir && command)
|
Go
to dir, execute command and return to current dir
|
|
•
|
pushd
.
|
Put
current dir on stack so you can popd back to it
|
|
CDs
|
||
|
|
gzip
< /dev/cdrom > cdrom.iso.gz
|
Save
copy of data cdrom
|
|
|
mkisofs
-V NAME -r dir | gzip > cdrom.iso.gz
|
Create
cdrom image from contents of dir
|
|
|
mount
-o loop cdrom.iso /mnt/dir
|
Mount
the cdrom image at /mnt/dir (read only)
|
|
|
cdrecord
-v dev=/dev/cdrom blank=fast
|
Clear
a CDRW
|
|
|
gzip
-dc cdrom.iso.gz | cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom -
|
Burn
cdrom image (use dev=ATAPI -scanbus to confirm dev)
|
|
|
cdparanoia
-B
|
Rip
audio tracks from CD to wav files in current dir
|
|
|
cdrecord
-v dev=/dev/cdrom -audio *.wav
|
Make
audio CD from all wavs in current dir (see also cdrdao)
|
|
|
oggenc
--tracknum='track' track.cdda.wav -o 'track.ogg'
|
Make
ogg file from wav file
|
|
archives
|
||
|
|
tar
c dir/ | bzip2 > dir.tar.bz2
|
Make
archive of dir/
|
|
|
bzip2
-dc dir.tar.bz2 | tar x
|
Extract
archive (use gzip instead of bzip2 for tar.gz files)
|
|
|
tar
c dir/ | gzip | gpg -c | ssh user@remote 'dd of=dir.tar.gz.gpg'
|
Make
encrypted archive of dir/ on remote machine
|
|
|
find
dir/ -name '*.txt' | tar c --files-from=- | bzip2 > dir_txt.tar.bz2
|
Make
archive of subset of dir/ and below
|
|
|
find
dir/ -name '*.txt' | xargs cp -a --target-directory=dir_txt/ --parents
|
Make
copy of subset of dir/ and below
|
|
|
(
tar c /dir/to/copy ) | ( cd /where/to/ && tar x -p )
|
Copy
(with permissions) copy/ dir to /where/to/ dir
|
|
|
(
cd /dir/to/copy && tar c . ) | ( cd /where/to/ && tar
x -p )
|
Copy
(with permissions) contents of copy/ dir to /where/to/
|
|
|
(
tar c /dir/to/copy ) | ssh -C user@remote 'cd /where/to/ && tar x -p'
|
Copy
(with permissions) copy/ dir to remote:/where/to/ dir
|
|
|
dd
bs=1M if=/dev/hda | gzip | ssh user@remote 'dd of=hda.gz'
|
Backup
harddisk to remote machine
|
|
rsync (Use the
--dry-run option for testing)
|
||
|
|
rsync
-P rsync://rsync.server.com/path/to/file file
|
Only
get diffs. Do multiple times for troublesome downloads
|
|
|
rsync
--bwlimit=1000 fromfile tofile
|
Locally
copy with rate limit. It's like nice for I/O
|
|
|
rsync
-az -e ssh --delete ~/public_html/ remote.com:'~/public_html'
|
Mirror
web site (using compression and encryption)
|
|
|
rsync
-auz -e ssh remote:/dir/ . && rsync -auz -e ssh .
remote:/dir/
|
Synchronize
current directory with remote one
|
|
file
searching
|
||
|
•
|
alias
l='ls -l --color=auto'
|
quick
dir listing
|
|
•
|
ls
-lrt
|
List
files by date. See also newest
|
|
|
find
-name '*.[ch]' | xargs grep -E 'expr'
|
Search
'expr' in this dir and below. See also findrepo
|
|
|
find
-type f -print0 | xargs -r0 grep -F 'string'
|
Search
all regular files for 'string' in this dir and below
|
|
|
find
-maxdepth 1 -type f | xargs grep -F 'string'
|
Search
all regular files for 'string' in this dir
|
|
|
find
-maxdepth 1 -type d | while read dir; do echo
$dir; echo cmd2; done
|
Process
each item with multiple commands (in while loop)
|
|
•
|
find
-type f ! -perm -444
|
Find
files not readable by all (useful for web site)
|
|
•
|
find
-type d ! -perm -111
|
Find
dirs not accessible by all (useful for web site)
|
|
•
|
locate
-r 'file[^/]*\.txt'
|
Search
cached index for names. This re is like glob *file*.txt
|
|
networking (Note ifconfig,
route, mii-tool, nslookup commands are obsolete)
|
||
|
•
|
ip link show
|
List
interfaces
|
|
|
ethtool
interface
|
List
interface status
|
|
|
ip
link set dev eth0 name wan
|
Rename
eth0 to wan
|
|
|
ip
addr add 1.2.3.4/24 brd + dev eth0
|
Add
ip and mask(255.255.255.0)
|
|
|
ip
link set dev interface up
|
Bring
interface up (or down)
|
|
|
ip
route add default via 1.2.3.254
|
Set
default gateway to 1.2.3.254
|
|
•
|
tc qdisc add dev lo
root handle 1:0 netem delay 20msec
|
Add
20ms latency to loopback device (for testing)
|
|
•
|
tc qdisc del dev lo root
|
Remove
latency added above
|
|
•
|
host
pixelbeat.org
|
Lookup
ip address for name or vice versa
|
|
•
|
hostname
-i
|
Lookup
local ip address (equivalent to host `hostname`)
|
|
•
|
netstat
-tupl
|
List
internet services on a system
|
|
•
|
netstat
-tup
|
List
active connections to/from system
|
|
wget (multi purpose
download tool)
|
||
|
•
|
(cd
cmdline && wget -nd -pHEKk http://www.pixelbeat.org/cmdline.html)
|
Store
local browsable version of a page to the current dir
|
|
|
wget
-c http://www.example.com/large.file
|
Continue
downloading a partially downloaded file
|
|
|
wget
-r -nd -np -l1 -A '*.jpg' http://www.example.com/
|
Download
a set of files to the current directory
|
|
|
wget
ftp://remote/file[1-9].iso/
|
FTP
supports globbing directly
|
|
•
|
wget
-q -O- http://www.pixelbeat.org/timeline.html | grep 'a href' | head
|
Process
output directly
|
|
|
echo
'wget url' | at 01:00
|
Download
url at 1AM to current dir
|
|
|
wget
--limit-rate=20k url
|
Do
a low priority download (limit to 20KB/s in this case)
|
|
|
wget
-nv --spider --force-html -i bookmarks.html
|
Check
links in a file
|
|
|
wget
--mirror http://www.example.com/
|
Efficiently
update a local copy of a site (handy from cron)
|
|
windows (note samba is
the package that provides all this windows specific networking support)
|
||
|
•
|
smbtree
|
Find
windows machines. See also findsmb
|
|
|
nmblookup
-A 1.2.3.4
|
Find
the windows (netbios) name associated with ip address
|
|
|
smbclient
-L windows_box
|
List
shares on windows machine or samba server
|
|
|
mount
-t smbfs -o fmask=666,guest //windows_box/share /mnt/share
|
Mount
a windows share
|
|
|
echo
'message' | smbclient -M windows_box
|
Send
popup to windows machine (off by default in XP sp2)
|
|
math
|
||
|
•
|
echo
'(1 + sqrt(5))/2' | bc -l
|
Quick
math (Calculate φ). See also bc
|
|
•
|
echo
'obase=16; ibase=10; 123' | bc
|
Base
conversion (decimal to hexadecimal)
|
|
•
|
echo
$((0x2dec))
|
Base
conversion (hex to dec) ((shell arithmetic expansion))
|
|
•
|
echo
'pad=20; min=64; (100*10^6)/((pad+min)*8)' | bc
|
More
complex (int) e.g. This shows max FastE packet rate
|
|
•
|
echo
'pad=20; min=64; print (100E6)/((pad+min)*8)' | python
|
Python
handles scientific notation
|
|
•
|
echo
'pad=20; plot [64:1518] (100*10**6)/((pad+x)*8)' | gnuplot -persist
|
Plot
FastE packet rate vs packet size
|
|
•
|
seq
100 | (tr '\n' +; echo 0) | bc
|
|
|
text
manipulation
(note sed uses stdin and stdout, so if you want to edit files, append <oldfile
>newfile)
|
||
|
|
sed
's/string1/string2/g'
|
Replace
string1 with string2
|
|
|
sed
's/\(.*\)1/\12/g'
|
Modify
anystring1 to anystring2
|
|
|
sed
'/ *#/d; /^ *$/d'
|
Remove
comments and blank lines
|
|
|
sed
':a; /\\$/N; s/\\\n//; ta'
|
Concatenate
lines with trailing \
|
|
|
sed
's/[ \t]*$//'
|
Remove
trailing spaces from lines
|
|
|
sed
's/\([\\`\\"$\\\\]\)/\\\1/g'
|
Escape
shell metacharacters active within double quotes
|
|
|
sed
-n '1000p;1000q'
|
Print
1000th line
|
|
|
sed
-n '10,20p;20q'
|
Print
lines 10 to 20
|
|
|
sed
-n
's/.*<[tT][iI][tT][lL][eE]>\(.*\)<\/[tT][iI][tT][lL][eE]>.*/\1/p;T;q'
|
Extract
title from HTML web page.
|
|
|
sort
-t. -k1,1n -k2,2n -k3,3n -k4,4n
|
Sort
IPV4 ip addresses
|
|
•
|
echo
'Test' | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]'
|
Case
conversion
|
|
•
|
tr
-dc '[:print:]' < /dev/urandom
|
Filter
non printable characters
|
|
•
|
grep
'processor' /proc/cpuinfo | wc -l
|
Count
lines
|
|
set
operations
(Note LANG=C is for
speed) (Note also these assume no duplicate lines within a file)
|
||
|
|
LANG=C
sort file1 file2 | uniq
|
Union of unsorted
files
|
|
|
LANG=C
sort file1 file2 | uniq -d
|
Intersection of unsorted
files
|
|
|
LANG=C
sort file1 file1 file2 | uniq -u
|
Difference of unsorted
files
|
|
|
LANG=C
sort file1 file2 | uniq -u
|
Symmetric
Difference
of unsorted files
|
|
|
LANG=C
comm file1 file2 | sed 's/^\t*//'
|
Union of sorted files
|
|
|
LANG=C
comm -12 file1 file2
|
Intersection
of sorted files
|
|
|
LANG=C
comm -13 file1 file2
|
Difference
of sorted files
|
|
|
LANG=C
comm -3 file1 file2 | sed 's/^\t*//'
|
Symmetric
Difference of sorted files
|
|
calendar
|
||
|
•
|
cal
-3
|
Display
a calendar
|
|
•
|
cal
9 1752
|
Display
a calendar for a particular month year
|
|
•
|
date
-d fri
|
What
date is it this friday. See also day
|
|
•
|
date
--date='25 Dec' +%A
|
What
day does xmas fall on, this year
|
|
•
|
date
--date '1970-01-01 UTC 1234567890 seconds'
|
Convert
number of seconds since the epoch to a date
|
|
•
|
TZ=':America/Los_Angeles'
date
|
What
time is it on West coast of US (use tzselect to find TZ)
|
|
|
echo
"mail -s 'get the train' P@draigBrady.com < /dev/null" | at
17:45
|
Email
reminder
|
|
•
|
echo
"DISPLAY=$DISPLAY xmessage cooker" | at "NOW + 30
minutes"
|
Popup
reminder
|
|
locales
|
||
|
•
|
printf
"%'d\n" 1234
|
Print
number with thousands grouping appropriate to locale
|
|
•
|
BLOCK_SIZE=\'1
ls -l
|
get
ls to do thousands grouping appropriate to locale
|
|
•
|
echo
"I live in `locale territory`"
|
Extract
info from locale database
|
|
•
|
locale
| cut -d= -f1 | xargs locale -kc | less
|
List
fields in locale database
|
|
•
|
LANG=en_IE.utf8
locale int_prefix
|
Lookup
locale info for specific country. See also ccodes
|
|
disk
space
(See also FSlint)
|
||
|
•
|
ls
-lSr
|
Show
files, biggest last
|
|
•
|
du
-s * | sort -k1,1rn | head
|
Show
top disk users in current dir. See also dutop
|
|
•
|
df
-h
|
Show
free disk space
|
|
•
|
df
-i
|
Show
free inodes
|
|
•
|
fdisk -l
|
Show
disks partitions sizes and types (run as root)
|
|
•
|
rpm -q -a --qf
'%10{SIZE}\t%{NAME}\n' | sort -k1,1n
|
List
all packages by
installed size (Bytes) on rpm distros
|
|
•
|
dpkg-query -W
-f='${Installed-Size;10}\t${Package}\n' | sort -k1,1n
|
List
all packages by
installed size (KBytes) on deb distros
|
|
•
|
dd
bs=1 seek=2TB if=/dev/null of=ext3.test
|
Create
a large test file (taking no space). See also truncate
|
|
monitoring/debugging
|
||
|
•
|
strace
-c ls >/dev/null
|
Summarise/profile
system calls made by command
|
|
•
|
strace
-f -e open ls >/dev/null
|
List
system calls made by command
|
|
•
|
ltrace
-f -e getenv ls >/dev/null
|
List
library calls made by command
|
|
•
|
lsof -p $$
|
List
paths that process id has open
|
|
•
|
lsof ~
|
List
processes that have specified path open
|
|
•
|
tcpdump
not port 22
|
Show
network traffic except ssh. See also tcpdump_not_me
|
|
•
|
ps
-e -o pid,args --forest
|
List
processes in a hierarchy
|
|
•
|
ps
-e -o pcpu,cpu,nice,state,cputime,args --sort pcpu | sed '/^ 0.0 /d'
|
List
processes by % cpu usage
|
|
•
|
ps
-e -orss=,args= | sort -b -k1,1n | pr -TW$COLUMNS
|
List
processes by mem usage. See also ps_mem.py
|
|
•
|
ps
-C firefox-bin -L -o pid,tid,pcpu,state
|
List
all threads for a particular process
|
|
•
|
ps
-p 1,2
|
List
info for particular process IDs
|
|
•
|
last
reboot
|
Show
system reboot history.
|
|
•
|
free
-m
|
Show
amount of (remaining) RAM (-m displays in MB)
|
|
•
|
watch
-n1 'cat /proc/interrupts'
|
Watch
changeable data continuously
|
|
System
information
(see also sysinfo)
|
||
|
|
hdparm
-i /dev/hda
|
Show
info about disk hda
|
|
|
hdparm
-tT /dev/hda
|
Do
a read speed test on disk hda
|
|
|
badblocks
-s /dev/hda
|
Test
for unreadable blocks on disk hda
|
|
•
|
mount
| column -t
|
Show
mounted filesystems on the system (and align output)
|
|
•
|
cat
/proc/partitions
|
Show
all partitions registered on the system
|
|
•
|
grep
MemTotal /proc/meminfo
|
Show
RAM total seen by the system
|
|
•
|
grep
"model name" /proc/cpuinfo
|
Show
CPU(s) info
|
|
•
|
lspci -tv
|
Show
PCI info
|
|
•
|
lsusb -tv
|
Show
USB info
|
|
recode (Obsoletes
iconv, dos2unix, unix2dos)
|
||
|
•
|
recode
-l | less
|
Show
available conversions (aliases on each line)
|
|
|
recode
windows-1252.. file_to_change.txt
|
Windows
"ansi" to local charset (auto does CRLF conversion)
|
|
|
recode
utf-8/CRLF.. file_to_change.txt
|
Windows
utf8 to local charset
|
|
|
recode
iso-8859-15..utf8 file_to_change.txt
|
Latin9
(western europe) to utf8
|
|
|
recode
../b64 < file.txt > file.b64
|
Base64
encode
|
|
|
recode
/qp.. < file.txt > file.qp
|
Quoted
printable decode
|
|
|
recode
..HTML < file.txt > file.html
|
Text
to HTML
|
|
•
|
recode
-lf windows-1252 | grep euro
|
Lookup
table of characters
|
|
•
|
echo
-n 0x80 | recode latin-9/x1..dump
|
Show
what a code represents in latin-9 charmap
|
|
•
|
echo
-n 0x20AC | recode ucs-2/x2..latin-9/x
|
Show
latin-9 encoding
|
|
•
|
echo
-n 0x20AC | recode ucs-2/x2..utf-8/x
|
Show
utf-8 encoding
|
|
interactive
|
||
|
•
|
Powerful
filemanager that can browse rpm, tar, ftp, ssh, ...
|
|
|
•
|
Virtual
terminals with detach capability, ...
|
|
|
•
|
links
|
Web
browser
|
|
•
|
Interactive/scriptable
graphing
|
|
|
•
|
octave
|
Matlab
like environment
|
|
Key
|
Action
|
Notes
|
|
Ctrl+a
c
|
new
window
|
|
|
Ctrl+a
n
|
next
window
|
I
bind F12 to this
|
|
Ctrl+a
p
|
previous
window
|
I
bind F11 to this
|
|
Ctrl+a
"
|
select
window from list
|
I
have window list in the status line
|
|
Ctrl+a
Ctrl+a
|
previous
window viewed
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ctrl+a
S
|
split
terminal horizontally into regions
|
Ctrl+a
c to create new window there
|
|
Ctrl+a
:resize
|
resize
region
|
|
|
Ctrl+a
:fit
|
fit
screen size to new terminal size
|
Ctrl+a
F is the same. Do after resizing xterm
|
|
Ctrl+a
:remove
|
remove
region
|
Ctrl+a
X is the same
|
|
Ctrl+a
tab
|
Move
to next region
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ctrl+a
d
|
detach
screen from terminal
|
Start
screen with -r option to reattach
|
|
Ctrl+a
A
|
set
window title
|
|
|
Ctrl+a
x
|
lock
session
|
Enter
user password to unlock
|
|
Ctrl+a
[
|
enter
scrollback/copy mode
|
Enter
to start and end copy region. Ctrl+a ] to leave this mode
|
|
Ctrl+a
]
|
paste
buffer
|
Supports
pasting between windows
|
|
Ctrl+a
>
|
write
paste buffer to file
|
useful
for copying between screens
|
|
Ctrl+a
<
|
read
paste buffer from file
|
useful
for pasting between screens
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ctrl+a
?
|
show
key bindings/command names
|
Note
unbound commands only in man page
|
|
Ctrl+a
:
|
goto
screen command prompt
|
up
shows last command entered
|
|
Key
|
Action
|
Notes
|
|
Ctrl+o
|
toggle
panes on/off
|
|
|
Ctrl+l
|
redraw
screen
|
This
is on all terminals
|
|
Ctrl+PgUp
|
goto
parent dir
|
|
|
Ctrl+Enter
|
copy
selected filename to command line
|
%f
is equivalent
|
|
Ctrl+x+p
|
copy
unselected panel's path to command line
|
%D
is equivalent
|
|
Ctrl+x
!
|
External
panelize
|
Display
paths returned from external command
|
|
Shift+mouse
|
select
text
|
|
|
Insert
|
toggle
selection of highlighted file
|
|
|
*
|
toggle
selection
|
|
|
+
|
add
pattern to selection
|
|
|
-
|
remove
pattern from selection
|
|
|
F3
|
view
|
|
|
F4
|
edit
|
|
|
F5
|
copy
|
|
|
F6
|
rename
|
|
|
F7
|
mkdir
|
|
|
F8
|
remove
|
|
|
F9
|
menu
|
|
|
F10
|
Exit
|
|
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